Immediate and Sustained Root Caries Prevention of Fluoride Varnish Combined with Toothpastes

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the immediate and sustained effect of a fluoride varnish and its combinations with toothpastes in preventing root caries development using a salivary microcosm in vitro model. Human root dentin specimens (n = 150) were randomly divided into 5 experimental protocols (n = 30): (1) Fluoride Varnish (V); (2) V followed by Paste One (V + PO); (3) V followed by Paste Plus (V + PP); (4) V followed by PO and PP (V + PO + PP); and (5) No treatment (control). One varnish layer was applied on the specimens (except for the control group) and kept for 18 h. Then, the varnish was removed and toothpaste treatments were initiated according to experimental groups. For the short-term incubation model (n = 15), the specimens were also immediately subjected to 7-day cariogenic challenge. For that, human saliva was used as bacterial inoculum and McBain artificial saliva containing 2% sucrose as growth medium. The other half of the specimens (n = 15) were used to study the varnish’s sustained effect by long-term incubation (8 weeks) before cariogenic challenge. The protocols’ anti-caries properties were evaluated by dentin porosity (rhodamine intensity; RI) and mineral density, while their anti-biofilm effects were evaluated using biofilm’s biomass and viability assays. For short- and long-term incubation models, all experimental regimens resulted in statistically significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the RI (up to 180 μm and 120 μm, respectively) as well as higher mineral density compared to No treatment (p < 0.001). V + PO + PP and/or V + PO resulted in statistically lower RI compared to V for some depths (p < 0.05) in both models. There were changes in RI and mineral density within groups over time. All experimental treatments exhibited anti-biofilm effects. All prevention protocols exhibited immediate and sustained anti-caries effect against root caries development. The combination of a fluoride varnish with PO resulted in superior additional anti-caries effects.