Brain Shift during Staged Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a routine neurosurgical procedure utilized to treat various movement disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), and dystonia. Treatment efficacy is dependent on stereotactic accuracy of lead placement into the deep brain target of interest. However, brain shift attributed to pneumocephalus can introduce unpredictable inaccuracies during DBS lead placement. This study aimed to determine whether intracranial air is associated with brain shift in patients undergoing staged DBS surgery. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We retrospectively evaluated 46 patients who underwent staged DBS surgery for PD, ET, and dystonia. Due to the staged nature of DBS surgery at our institution, the first electrode placement is used as a concrete fiducial marker for movement in the target location. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) images after the first electrode implantation, as well as preoperative, and postoperative CT images after the second electrode implantation were collected. Images were analyzed in stereotactic targeting software (BrainLab); intracranial air was manually segmented, and electrode shift was measured in the <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z</i> plane, as well as a Euclidian distance on each set of merged CT scans. A Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between intracranial air and brain shift, and student’s <i>t</i> test was used to compare means between patients with and without radiographic evidence of intracranial air. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Thirty-six patients had pneumocephalus after the first electrode implantation, while 35 had pneumocephalus after the second electrode implantation. Accumulation of intracranial air following the first electrode implantation (4.49 ± 6.05 cm³) was significantly correlated with brain shift along the <i>y</i> axis (0.04 ± 0.35 mm; <i>r</i> (34) = 0.36; <i>p</i> = 0.03), as well as the Euclidean distance of deviation (0.57 ± 0.33 mm; <i>r</i> (34) = 0.33; <i>p</i> = 0.05) indicating statistically significant shift on the ipsilateral side. However, there was no significant correlation between intracranial air and brain shift following the second electrode implantation, suggesting contralateral shift is minimal. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in brain shift between patients with and without radiographic evidence of intracranial air following both electrode implantation surgeries. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Despite observing volumes as high as 22.0 cm³ in patients with radiographic evidence of pneumocephalus, there was no significant difference in brain shift when compared to patients without pneumocephalus. Furthermore, the mean magnitude of brain shift was &lt;1.0 mm regardless of whether pneumocephalus was presenting, suggesting that intracranial air accumulation may not produce clinical significant brain shift in our patients.