Dual-Task Performance and Brain Morphologic Characteristics in Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Parkinson’s disease (PD) reduces an individual’s capacity for automaticity which limits their ability to perform two tasks simultaneously, negatively impacting daily function. Understanding the neural correlates of dual tasks (DTs) may pave the way for targeted therapies. To better understand automaticity in PD, we aimed to explore whether individuals with differing DT performances possessed differences in brain morphologic characteristics. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Data were obtained from 34 individuals with PD and 47 healthy older adults including (1) demographics (age, sex), (2) disease severity (Movement Disorder Society – Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS], Hoehn and Yahr, levodopa equivalent daily dose [LEDD]), (3) cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), (4) LEDD, (5) single-task and DT performance during a DT-timed-up-and-go test utilizing a serial subtraction task, and (6) cortical thicknesses and subcortical volumes obtained from volumetric MRI. Participants were categorized as low or high DT performers if their combined DT effect was greater than the previously determined mean value for healthy older adults (<i>μ</i> = –74.2). Nonparametric testing using Quade’s ANCOVA was conducted to compare cortical thicknesses and brain volumes between the highDT and lowDT groups while controlling for covariates: age, sex, MDS-UPDRS part III, LEDD, and intracranial volume. Secondarily, similar comparisons were made between the healthy older adult group and the highDT and lowDT groups. Lastly, a hierarchical linear regression model was conducted regressing combined DT effect on covariates (block one) and cortical thicknesses (block 2) in stepwise fashion. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The highDT group had thicker cortices than the lowDT group in the right primary somatosensory cortex (<i>p</i> = 0.001), bilateral primary motor cortices (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001, left; <i>p</i> = 0.002, right), bilateral supplementary motor areas (<i>p</i> = 0.001, left; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, right), and mean of the bilateral hemispheres (<i>p</i> = 0.001, left; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, right). Of note, left primary cortex thickness (<i>p</i> = 0.002), left prefrontal cortex thickness (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and right supplementary motor area thickness (<i>p</i> = 0.003) differed when adding a healthy comparison group. Additionally, the regression analysis found that the left paracentral lobule thickness explained 20.8% of the variability in combined DT effect (<i>p</i> = 0.011) beyond the influence of covariates. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> These results suggest regions underlying DT performance, specifically, a convergence of neural control relying on sensorimotor integration, motor planning, and motor activation to achieve higher levels of DT performance for individuals with PD.