mPGES-1-Derived PGE2 Contributes to Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Mesangial Cell Proliferation

Abstract

Background/Aims: We previously reported that indoxyl sulfate (IS) could cause mesangial cell (MC) proliferation via a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-dependent mechanism. However, the specific prostaglandin contributing to COX-2 effect on IS-induced MC proliferation remained unknown. Thus, the present study was undertaken to examine the role of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1)-derived Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in IS-induced MC proliferation. Methods: IS was administered to the MCs with or without mPGES-1 siRNA pretreatment to induce the MC proliferation which was determined by cell cycle analysis, DNA synthesis, and the expressions of cyclins. In another experimental setting, PGE2 was applied to the MCs to examine its direct effect on MC proliferation, as well as the regulation of prostaglandin E receptors (EPs) by qRT-PCR. Results: With the administration of IS, mPGES-1(not mPGES-2 and cytosolic PGES) was significantly upregulated at both protein and mRNA levels in line with a promoted MC proliferation. Interestingly, silencing mPGES-1 reduced cell number in S and G2 phases and blocked the upregulation of cyclin A2 and cyclin D1 in parallel with blunted PGE2 release after IS treatment, indicating that mPGES-1-derived PGE2 could contribute to MC proliferation. Furthermore, we confirmed that exogenous PGE2 could directly trigger the proliferative response in MCs. Lastly, we observed a selective upregulation of EP2 after PGE2 treatment and enhanced phosphorylation of NF-κB following IS administration in MCs, suggesting the potential involvements of EP2 and NF-κB in this pathological process. Conclusion: mPGES-1-derived PGE2 contributed to IS-induced mesangial cell proliferation.