Hyponatremia in Stable Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: Association to Hemodynamics and Outcome

Abstract

Introduction: Hyponatremia is associated with worse outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, it is unclear whether the worse prognosis is driven by hemodynamic derangement and how this potentially could be associated with hyponatremia. Methods: The study included 502 patients with HFrEF evaluated for advanced HF therapies, who underwent a right heart catheterization (RHC). Hyponatremia was defined as p-Na ≤136 mmol/L. The risk of all-cause mortality and a composite endpoint including mortality, left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation, implantation of total artificial heart (TAH), or heart transplantation (HTx) was evaluated using Cox regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier models. Results: Included patients were predominantly men 79% and had a median age of 54 years (IQR: 43–62). A third (165) of the patients had hyponatremia. In both univariate and multivariate regression analyses, p-Na was associated with increased central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) but not with cardiac index. Hyponatremia was significantly associated with the combined endpoint (HR: 1.36 [95% CI, 1.07–1.74]; p = 0.01), but not all-cause mortality in adjusted Cox models. Conclusion: In stable HFrEF patients evaluated for advanced HF therapies, lower p-Na was associated with more deranged invasive hemodynamic measurements. Hyponatremia remained significantly associated with the combined endpoint but not all-cause mortality in adjusted Cox models. The study suggests that the increased mortality associated with hyponatremia in HFrEF patients could partly be driven by hemodynamic derangement.