The Role of Uremic Retention Solutes in the MIA Syndrome in Hemodialysis Subjects

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the high morbidity and mortality risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not easily explained only on the basis of traditional factors. Among nontraditional ones involved in CKD, malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis/calcification have been described as the “MIA syndrome.” <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this pilot study, we evaluated the association between the variation in serum levels of 27 uremic retention solutes plus 6 indexes related to the MIA syndrome processes in a population of dialysis patients. <b><i>Results:</i></b> As expected, we found a direct correlation between serum albumin and both phosphate and total cholesterol (<i>r</i> = 0.54 and 0.37, respectively; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). Moreover, total cholesterol and phosphate directly correlate (<i>r</i> = 0.40, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). The relationship between malnutrition and inflammation is highlighted by the correlation of serum cholesterol levels with serum alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and IL-6 levels (<i>r</i> = −0.56, <i>r</i> = −0.39, respectively; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). Moreover, the relation between inflammation and atherosclerosis/calcification is supported by the correlation of IL-6 with VEGF levels and vascular smooth muscle cell high-Pi in vitro calcification (<i>r</i> = 0.81, <i>r</i> = 0.66, respectively; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> We found significant correlations between several uremic retention solutes and malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis/calcification. Our findings support the hypothesis of a central role of the <i>uremic milieu</i> in the MIA syndrome and ultimately in the pathogenesis of CKD-specific CVD risk factors.