Fetal Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction: Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies and Future Directions

Abstract

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) is a rare congenital anomaly in which the bladder cannot empty properly. The clinical presentation is variable. On the severe end of the spectrum, the amniotic fluid index can be sufficiently low, resulting in fetal lung development that is incompatible with life outside the womb. The pressure in the urinary tract system can also result in severe damage to the kidney, resulting in renal failure in utero or in the first couple years of life. Therefore, much work has been done to determine which fetuses need intervention in utero to allow for survival outside of the womb and avoidance of end-stage renal disease. Multiple therapies have been developed to relieve the obstruction in utero with the mainstay being vesicoamniotic shunting and posterior urethral valve ablation. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> While much has been investigated to determine which fetuses would benefit from fetal intervention, the current indications are not without their flaws. This review describes the current indications and their shortcomings, as well as new experimental methods of determining need for intervention. Additionally, this review describes the milestone animal studies that established the challenges of current fetal interventions and the utility of an experimental valved shunt in sheep over the last 20 years. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Our understanding of LUTO and which fetuses benefit from in utero intervention has grown over the last 20 years. However, traditional markers have proven to be less predictive than previously thought, opening the door to exciting new advances. Vesicoamniotic shunting, while lifesaving, does not preserve bladder function and frequently dislodges. Animal studies over the last 20 years have established the utility of a valved shunt to maintain bladder function. Current advances are working to create such a shunt that can be percutaneously deployed and have greater adherence to the bladder wall to avoid dislodgement.