Endocrine-Related Adverse Conditions in Pediatric Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Malignancies

Abstract

<b><i>Background:</i></b> In recent years, remarkable advances in cancer immunotherapy have been introduced in the field of oncology. Since the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), these groups of medications have become a crucial treatment for several types of adult cancer. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> To date, pediatric experience with this group of medications is limited. Nevertheless, as clinicians, we have to be aware of the possible immune-related adverse events including immune-related endocrinopathies (thyroid dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency, and pituitary insufficiency) that have been reported regarding these medications. These adverse events probably result from uncontrolled activation of the immune system. <b><i>Key Message:</i></b> Early diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of immune-related endocrinopathies associated with ICIs treatment are also essential for the best supportive care and administration of ICIs in pediatric patients. This review presents the current data on the immune-related endocrinopathies associated with the ICIs treatment, with suggestions for management.