Identification of a Novel Nonsense Variant in the DLL3 Gene Underlying Spondylocostal Dysostosis in a Consanguineous Pakistani Family

Abstract

Introduction: Spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) is characterized by multiple vertebral abnormalities associated with abnormalities of the ribs. Five genes causative for the disease have been identified. These include DLL3 (OMIM *602768), MESP2 (OMIM #608681), LFNG (OMIM #609813), TBX6 (OMIM *602427), and HES7 (OMIM *608059). Methods: In the current study, we investigated a Pakistani consanguineous family segregating spondylocostal dysotosis. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) followed by Sanger sequencing was performed using DNA of affected and unaffected individuals to identify pathogenic variant(s). The identified variant was interpreted using ACMG classification. Literature review was performed to summarize currently known mutated alleles of DLL3 and the underlying clinical phenotypes. Results: Clinical examination using anthropometric measurements and radiographs diagnosed the patients to be afflicted with SCD. Pedigree analysis of the affected family showed an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of the disease. WES followed by Sanger sequencing identified a novel homozygous nonsense variant (DLL3(NM_016941.4): c.535G>T; p.Glu179Ter) in the DLL3 gene located on chromosome 19q13.2. Conclusion: The study will be helpful in carrier testing and genetic counseling to prevent segregation of the disease to the next generations within this family. It also provides knowledge for clinicians and researchers in search of a better understanding of SCD anomalies.