Perihaematomal Oedema Evolution over 2 Weeks after Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage and Association with Outcome: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> We know little about the evolution of perihaematomal oedema (PHO) &gt;24 h after ICH onset. We aimed to determine the trajectory of PHO after ICH onset and its association with outcome. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We did a prospective cohort study using a pre-specified scanning protocol in adults with first-ever spontaneous ICH and measured absolute PHO volumes on CT head scans at ICH diagnosis and 3 ± 2, 7 ± 2, and 14 ± 2 days after ICH onset. We used the largest ICH if ICHs were multiple. The primary outcomes were (a) the trajectory of PHO after ICH onset and (b) the association between PHO (absolute volume at the time when most repeat CT head scans were obtained, and change in PHO volume at this time compared with the first CT head scan) and poor functional outcome (modified Rankin scale 3–6 at 90 days). We pre-specified multivariable logistic regression models of this association adjusting analyses for potential confounders: age, GCS, infratentorial ICH location, and intraventricular extension. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In 106 participants of whom 49 (46%) were female, with a median ICH volume 7 mL (interquartile range [IQR] 2–22 mL), the trajectory of median PHO volume increased from 14 mL (IQR: 7–26 mL) at diagnosis to 18 mL (IQR: 8–40 mL) at 3 ± 2 days (<i>n</i> = 87), 20 mL (IQR: 8–48 mL) at 7 ± 2 days (<i>n</i> = 93) and 21 mL (IQR: 10–54 mL) at 14 ± 2 days (<i>n</i> = 78) (<i>p</i> = &lt;0.001). PHO volume <i>at</i> each time point was collinear with ICH volume at diagnosis (│r│ &gt;0.7), but the change in PHO volume between diagnosis and each time point was not. Given collinearity, we used total lesion (i.e., ICH + PHO) volume instead of PHO volume in a logistic regression model of its association <i>at</i> each time point with outcome. Increasing total lesion (ICH + PHO) volume at day 7 ± 2 was associated with poor functional outcome (adjusted OR per mL 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00–1.03; <i>p</i> = 0.036), but the increase in PHO volume between diagnosis and day 7 ± 2 was not associated with poor functional outcome (adjusted OR per mL 1.03, 95% CI: 0.99–1.07; <i>p</i> = 0.132). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> PHO volume increases throughout the first 2 weeks after onset of mild to moderate ICH. Total lesion (ICH + PHO) volume at day 7 ± 2 was associated with poor functional outcome, but the change in PHO volume between diagnosis and day 7 ± 2 was not. Prospective cohort studies with larger sample sizes are needed to investigate these associations and their modifiers.