Fat Intake and Fat Quality in Pregnant and Lactating Women, Infants, Children, and Adolescents and Related Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews of Prospective Studies

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Dietary fat intake during pregnancy and childhood is important for health. However, several health aspects are inconclusive. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We systematically searched Medline, Cochrane Library, and Epistemonikos for systematic reviews (SRs) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and/or prospective cohort studies published from January 01, 2015, to December 31, 2019, assessing the association of dietary fat intake (including dietary supplements) during pregnancy and across childhood with pregnancy, perinatal, and child health outcomes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Thirty-one SRs, mainly of RCTs, were included. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during pregnancy reduced the risk of early preterm birth, and in some SRs also any preterm birth, increased gestation length and birth weight, but mostly was not associated with other pregnancy/perinatal outcomes. Pre- and postnatal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake was not consistently associated with growth, neurological, visual and cognitive outcomes, allergic diseases, cardiovascular, and metabolic health in childhood. Reduced saturated fatty acids (SFAs) intake and its replacement with PUFA/monounsaturated fatty acids had favourable effects on blood pressure and blood lipids in children. No apparent effects of total or trans fat on health outcomes across target groups were observed. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Omega-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and SFA intake reduction in childhood require further consideration in dietary recommendations targeting these populations.