Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Healthy Ageing and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review

Abstract

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Cerebral blood flow is known to decline with increasing age and is a potential biomarker to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy ageing, where healthy ageing is defined as an absence of comorbidities in senescence. This review aims to synthesize evidence of cerebral blood flow changes over multiple brain regions, for use as a clinical reference or for in silico modelling. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> The search identified 1,087 studies, of which 33 met the inclusion criteria to map the difference in cerebral blood flow reduction between healthy ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Analysis was also performed on the effect of imaging modality and brain region functionality as potential confounding factors. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> No significant difference was found between the specific functionality of a brain region and cerebral blood flow in healthy ageing (<i>p</i> = 0.65) or Alzheimer’s disease (<i>p</i> = 0.42). Arterial spin labelling MRI imaging was shown to measure statistically larger decreases in flow in both healthy ageing (<i>p</i> = 0.0001) and Alzheimer’s disease (<i>p</i> = 0.0465). Cerebral blood flow was shown to decrease 0.3–0.5% per year in healthy ageing, which increased to a decline of 2–5% per year in Alzheimer’s disease. There was large variability both between and within individual brain regions, and this variability increased greatly in Alzheimer’s disease. Future studies would add value by taking more cerebral blood flow measurements during Alzheimer’s disease progression and by investigating ageing with comorbidities such as hypertension.