Exercise as Medicine Could Be a Chance for Early Detection and Prevention of Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Treatments: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: For cancer patients, cardiovascular complications as a consequence of certain oncological therapies are the leading cause of death, apart from the cancer itself. Currently, there are no uniform guidelines for detecting subclinical cardiotoxicity. Hence, the identification of cardiotoxicity arises late in the course of myocardial dysfunction after cardiac damage has occurred already. Early detection, prevention, and treatment of these cardiotoxic effects remain a challenge; therefore, supportive strategies such as physical activity gain in importance. Summary: Exercise therapy, during and after cancer therapy, is considered to be safe, feasible, and effective. While animal models show protective effects, the evidence for the benefits of physical activity on future cardiovascular outcomes in human patients caused by certain cancer treatments is still limited. Consequently, targeted exercise recommendations such as frequency, intensity, time, or type are yet unclear, and certain guidelines, specifically preventing cardiotoxicity, are nonexistent. Low cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly associated with all-cause mortality as well as cardiac dysfunction. In this context, the role of cardiorespiratory fitness as an early predictor in the detection of cardiovascular dysfunction will be discussed. Key Message: Exercise therapy during cancer treatment could have the potential to aid in both the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular complications. This narrative review considers the current evidence on the impact of physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes in cancer patients and proposes, according to the present knowledge, a framework for cardioprotective exercise therapies.