ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines: A Historical Perspective

Author:

Wolraich Mark L.1,Chan Eugenia2,Froehlich Tanya3,Lynch Rachel L.4,Bax Ami1,Redwine Susan T.1,Ihyembe Demvihin1,Hagan Joseph F.5

Affiliation:

1. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;

2. Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;

3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;

4. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and

5. University of Vermont Children’s Hospital, Burlington, Vermont

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral condition and the second most common chronic illness in children. The observance of specific behaviors in multiple settings have remained the most successful method for diagnosing the condition, and although there are differences in specific areas of the brain, and a high heritability estimate (∼76%), they are not diagnostically specific. Medications, and particularly stimulant medication, have undergone rigorous studies to document their efficacy dating back to the 1970s. Likewise, behavioral interventions in the form of parent training and classroom programs have demonstrated robust efficacy during the same time period. Both medication and behavioral interventions are symptomatic treatments. The availability of only symptomatic treatments places ADHD in the same category as other chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma. Successful treatment of most individuals requires ongoing adherence to the therapy. Improved communication between patients and their families, primary and mental health providers, and school personnel is necessary for effective ADHD treatment. Further enhancement of electronic systems to facilitate family, school, and provider communication can improve monitoring of ADHD symptoms and functional performance. The American Academy of Pediatrics ADHD guidelines were initially developed to help primary care clinicians address the needs of their patients with ADHD and were further refined with the second revision in 2019.

Publisher

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

Subject

Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health

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