1. Perinatal Epidemiology and Health Outcomes Research Unit, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California;
2. California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Palo Alto, California;
3. Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and Center for Predictive Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;
4. Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California; and
5. Health Economics Resource Center and the Center for Innovation to Implementation Veteran’s Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California