Volume Versus Mass Dosing of Epinephrine for Neonatal Resuscitation: A Randomized Trial

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Intravenous epinephrine for neonatal resuscitation requires weight-based calculations. Epinephrine is available in 2 different concentrations, increasing the risk of dosing errors. Expert panels have conflicting recommendations for the ordering method. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program recommends the volume (milliliters per kilogram) method, whereas the Institute for Safe Medication Practices recommends the mass (milligrams per kilogram) method. In this study, we aim to determine if the mass method is more accurate and efficient than the volume method. METHODS: In a randomized crossover simulation study, 70 NICU and pediatric emergency department nurses calculated the intended dose then prepared epinephrine using both the mass and volume methods. Both epinephrine concentrations were available. Scenarios were video recorded and timed. The primary outcome was the proportion of epinephrine doses prepared correctly. Variables associated with correct dosing were analyzed by using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 136 total doses, 77 (57%) were prepared correctly. The correct intended dose was calculated more frequently by using the mass method (82% vs 68%; risk difference 15%; 95% confidence interval 3% to 26%), but there was no difference in the proportion of doses that were actually prepared correctly (53% of mass method doses versus 60% of volume method doses; risk difference −7%; 95% confidence interval −24% to 9%). There was no difference between methods in the time required to prepare the dose. Selecting the correct epinephrine concentration was the only variable associated with correct dosing. CONCLUSIONS: The mass method was neither more accurate nor more efficient. Nurses made frequent errors when using both methods. This is a serious patient safety risk. Additional educational and medication safety interventions are urgently needed.