Disparities in Vision Screening in Primary Care for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract

OBJECTIVES To determine the rate of vision screening among children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the rate of photoscreening compared with visual acuity screening, and the effect of demographic factors on vision screening for children with ASD. METHODS Data from well visits for 3- to 5-year-olds between January 2016 and December 2019 were collected via PEDSnet. Billing codes for vision screening were a proxy for the completion of vision screening. χ2 analysis examined the relationship of age, sex, race, ethnicity, region, and socioeconomic status to vision screening rate and rate of photoscreening versus visual acuity screening. Multivariate logistic regression assessed factors that impacted the odds of vision screening. RESULTS We analyzed 63 829 well-child visits. Children with ASD were less likely to have a vision screening (36.5%) compared with children without ASD (59.9%). The lowest rates of screening occurred during the 3-year visit. Of those with ASD, Black children had a lower screening rate (27.6%) than white (39.7%) and other/multiracial children (39.8%). The use of photoscreening was higher in Hispanic children, increasing the overall rate of vision screening greater than non-Hispanic children. Practice region influenced the rates of vision screening for children with ASD because of more photoscreening. CONCLUSIONS Children with ASD are less likely to receive vision screening at well visits compared with typically developing children. This disparity was greatest among younger children and Black children. One practice region used more photoscreening and had higher rates of screening. Photoscreening is a useful tool to decrease disparity, especially among high-risk patient groups.