Fetal Echocardiography to Diagnose Fetal Heart Disease

Abstract

Fetal echocardiography plays a central role in the evaluation of fetuses at risk for heart disease. It allows for detection of cardiac malformations, dysrhythmias, and evaluation of cardiac function. Indications for fetal echocardiography span a wide range that extends from the abnormal screening ultrasound in a low-risk pregnancy to the high-risk pregnancy with multiple extracardiac malformations and suspected fetal heart disease. In the hands of trained professionals, this imaging modality has high accuracy. It is readily available and provides families with vital information about their unborn child’s cardiac status. Moreover, early diagnosis provides families and medical professionals with precious time to prepare for postnatal management. Emergent treatments and procedures, such as initiation of prostaglandin to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus and balloon atrial septostomy, can be planned ahead of time. The following review will underscore the value of fetal echocardiography, not only as a diagnostic tool, but most importantly as a means to improve the outcomes of fetuses affected by heart disease.