Reducing Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Perinatal and Delivery Room Factors

Abstract

Germinal matrix hemorrhage–intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is the most common form of brain injury in preterm infants. Although severe IVH has declined over the years, it still affects approximately 6% of infants born before 32 weeks of gestation. Most IVH cases are detectable by the first 24 hours after birth; therefore interventions to prevent IVH should focus on antenatal management for pregnant women and delivery room management. Obstetrical interventions, including antenatal corticosteroids, maternal rather than infant transport, and possibly elective cesarean delivery have been associated with a decreased risk of IVH. Neonatal interventions in the delivery room, including delayed cord clamping or umbilical cord milking, maintaining normothermia, avoiding fluctuations in cerebral blood flow, and optimal ventilation management are associated with a decreased risk of IVH. Multiple clinical trials are under way to further identify IVH risk factors, ability to monitor or predict IVH, and ideally prevent IVH altogether. This discussion will focus on reviewing current obstetric and neonatal management practices and their associations with germinal matrix hemorrhage–IVH.