Morbidity and Mortality of Open Lung Biopsy in Children

Abstract

Objective. In patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, when empiric therapy or less-invasive diagnostic procedures fail, physicians frequently resort to open lung biopsy (OLB) to provide a definite diagnosis and to help redirect therapeutic treatment. OLB is still widely regarded as a safe diagnostic procedure, even in the critically ill child. The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of this view with regard to children with acute respiratory failure (ARF) and, for this purpose, compares the mortality and morbidity of such patients with those without ARF. Design. Retrospective chart review. Setting. University hospital. Patients. Forty-two patients (mean age, 6.6 years) underwent 47 OLBs for undiagnosed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates between July 1984 and December 1994. Twenty-six patients (55%) were in ARF. Fifteen of these patients were intubated and receiving mechanical ventilatory support before the OLB procedure. Results. The overall incidence of serious complications associated with the OLB procedure was 51%. Of the patients with ARF, 17 (65%) had at least one major complication compared with 3 (14%) of the patients without ARF. Pleural air complications (62% of the total) occurred only in patients with ARF: pneumothoraces and/or prolonged air leaks developed in 10 (38%) after their OLBs; 9 of these patients died, and 7 had pneumothorax complicating their chest tube removal, which required replacement chest tubes. All patients with ARF preoperatively required prolonged ventilatory support after the OLB procedure, whereas 90% of the patients without ARF could be extubated within 24 hours. Overall, 10 patients (24%) died after the OLB procedure. All deaths occurred in patients with ARF. Both ARF preoperatively and the presence of postoperative complications were significantly associated with decreased survival. Conclusions. The morbidity and mortality rates of children with ARF undergoing OLB for diffuse pulmonary infiltrates differ considerably from those of children without ARF. For children with ARF, OLB is associated with the risk of prolonged ventilatory support, recurrent pneumothoraces, and air leaks. These complications may be attributable to such patients' having diseased lungs with poor healing. Moreover, these complications may, in turn, contribute to the patients' poor outcomes.