1. Hakim Adi and Marika Sherwood, Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787 (London: Routledge, 2003), p. vii.
2. Kay Mathews, “Renaissance of Pan-Africanism: The AU and the New Pan-Africanists,” in John Akokpari, Angela Ndinga-Muvumba, and Timothy Murithi (eds.), The African Union and Its Institutions (Johannesburg: Jacana, 2008), p. 28. Some writers do not count the 1900 Pan-African Conference as one of the congresses, counting the 1919 Pan-African Congress as the first.
3. See, for example, Kwame Nkrumah, Africa Must Unite (New York: Praeger, 1963), p. 133.
4. C. O. C. Amate, Inside the OAU: Pan-Africanism in Practice (London: Macmillan, 1986), p. 34.
5. Richard Rathbone, “Pan-Africanism: 50 Years On,” History Today 45, no. 10 (1995), 6.