1. J. Bentham (1838) ‘Principles of Penal Law,’ in The Works of Jeremy Bentham (n. 10) IV, 365–560, especially ‘The Rationale of Punishment,’ 388–532;
2. G. de Beaumont and A. de Tocqueville (1979) On the Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application in France (Carnondale, SI: Southern Illinois University Press);
3. M. Cavadino and J. Dignan (2007) The Penal System: An Introduction. 4th ed. (London: Sage), 35–65:
4. T. Newburn (2007) Criminology (Portland, OR: Willan Publishing), 515–538.
5. G. Kleck et al. (2005) ‘The Missing link in General Deterrence Research,’ Criminology, 43:3, 623–658;