1. Parts of this article drew from two previous publications: Daniel Steinmetz-Jenkins, “Between Two Rights: Julien Freund and the Origins of Political Realism in France,” Patterns of Prejudice 48(3) (May 2014): 248–264; Daniel Steinmetz-Jenkins, “Why Did Raymond Aron Write that Carl Schmitt Was Not a Nazi: An Alternative Genealogy of French Liberalism,” Modern Intellectual History 11(3) (November 2014): 549–574.
2. In 2003, a new edition of Freund’s best-known book L’Essence du politique was published with an afterword by the historian of nationalism, anti-Semitism, and the Nouvelle Droit, Pierre-André Taguieff. See: Julien Freund, L’Essence du politique [1965], 3rd edn (Paris: Dalloz, 2003). The afterword has been translated into English in Pierre-André Taguieff, “Julien Freund: Political Thinker,” Telos 125 (Fall 2002): 37–68. L’Essence du politique was originally Freund’s doctoral thesis, which appeared in 1965. The first monograph to be published on Freund, Sébastien de la Touanne’s Julien Freund: penseur “machiavélien” de la politique, appeared in 2004, followed by Taguieff’s Julien Freund: au coeur du politique in 2008. See: Sébastien de la Touanne, Julien Freund: penseur “machiavélien” de la politique (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2004); Pierre-André Taguieff, Julien Freund: au coeur du politique (Paris: La Table Ronde, 2008); and also Jean-Michel Le Bot, Julien Freund et L’essence du politique. Version auteur préliminaire d’un article apparaitre dans Tétralogiques, no. 20, 2015 (numéro thème, 2014), https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr /halshs-0106000. By 2010, there was sufficient scholarly interest in Freund for a large conference on his work to be held in Strasbourg. The papers from the conference, “Penser le conflit avec Julien Freund,” University of Strasbourg, March 10–11, 2010, have recently been published in a single volume: Gil Delannoi, Philippe Raynaud, Pascal Hintermeyer, and Pierre-André Taguieff (eds.), Julien Freund: la dynamique des conflits (Paris: Berg International, 2011).
3. For a comprehensive treatment of Freund’s life, see his intellectual autobiography: Julian Freund, “Ebauche d’une autobiographie intellectuelle,” Revue européenne des sciences sociales 19(54/55) (1981): 7–48.
4. A landmark publication in this regard is After the Deluge: New Perspectives on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Postwar France, ed. Julian Bourg (Oxford: Lexington Books, 2004).
5. In this respect, Freund followed an opposite trajectory to that of his PhD supervisor Raymond Aron, who gradually distanced himself from the Nietzschean and Darwinian aspects of Weber’s thought after the war. Freund is also partially responsible for the postwar reception of Georg Simmel and Vilfredo Pareto; he discusses Pareto in L’Essence du politique, 368–441. See also Julien Freund, Pareto: la théorie de l’équilibre (Paris: Seghers, 1974).