1. Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846–48), ed. Andrew Sanders (London: Penguin, 2002), p. 46; subsequent references appear in parentheses in the text.
2. For figures on the time taken on the Atlantic crossing, see Philip Bagwell and G. E. Mingay, Britain and America, 1850–1939: A Study of Economic Change (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), p. 117. Wider discussion of the development of transport links between Britain and America is given by
3. George Rogers Taylor in The Transportation Revolution 1815–1860, vol. IV (London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1951), pp. 104–31. Figures for Middle East journey times are given in
4. Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cook’s Tours: A History of Leisure Travel 1750 to 1915 (London: Aurum Press, 1998), pp. 232–35.
5. On the speed and conditions of Australian voyages see chapter 1 of Robin Haines, Doctors at Sea: Emigrant Voyages to Colonial Australia (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).