1. E. W. Sager, Seafaring Labour: The Merchant Marine of Atlantic Canada, 1820–1914 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1989), 245–49. Sager notes that 1876 was the last year that total tonnage from sailing vessels exceeded that of steamships in UK-registered vessels, but that as late as 1910, a majority of US and Scandinavian tonnage was still powered by sail.
2. J. Kramer, “Conrad’s Crews Revisited,” in B. Klein, ed., Fictions of the Sea: Critical Perspectives on the Ocean in British Literature and Culture (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2002), 157.
3. A. Gelb and B. Gelb, O’Neill (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962), 157.
4. E. O’Neill, Early Plays (New York: Penguin, 2001) quotation from “The Moon of the Caribbees” [1917], 6.
5. E. O’Neill, “The Hairy Ape,” in Three Great Plays (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2005), 104, 129.