1. For a general survey of academic racism at the beginning of the twentieth century, see I. A. Newby, Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965).
2. see Robert V. Guthrie, Even the Rat Was White: A Historical View of Psychology (Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1998).
3. See Robert Ezra Park and E. W. Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1921), 136.
4. See Ralph Crowder, Street Scholars and Stepladder Radicals: Self-Trained Black Historians and the Harlem Experience (New York: New York University Press, 2010).
5. See also Earl E. Thorpe, Black Historians: A Critique (New York: Morrow, 1971).