1. Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 69;
2. Thomas R. Hietala, Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985), 133.
3. Garret Epps, Democracy Reborn: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Fight for Equal Rights in Post-Civil War America (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006), 164–66, 262–63.
4. Robert P. Kennedy and C. W. Wilkens, “Letter for Secretary Russell A. Alger, Colonial Affairs,” GBCP, Box 71, Spanish American War General Correspondence: February 11–20, 1899;
5. Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning: Elite Political Cultures in the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008), 18–23.