1. Wu Guozhang (吳國璋), Beiyange de wenming: Zhongguo taijian wenhualun (被閹割的文明: 中國太監文化語) [Castrated civilization: On the culture of Chinese eunuchs] (Beijing: Zhishi chubanshe, 1999);
2. Chen Cunren (陳存仁), Beiyange de wenming: Xianhua Zhongguo gudai chanzu yu gongxing (被閹割的文明: 閒話中國古代纏足與宮刑) [Castrated civilization: On footbinding and castration in ancient China] (Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2008).
3. On “the Sick Man of Asia,” see Larissa N. Heinrich, The Afterlife of Images: Translating the Pathological Body between China and the West (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008);
4. Michael Keevak, Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011); and Carlos Rojas, The Sick Man of Asia: Diagnosing the Chinese Body Politic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, forthcoming). The “castrated civilization,” therefore, must be historically contextualized on a par with other relevant images of China in the early twentieth century, such as “Yellow Peril” and “the sleeping lion.” See
5. Jing Tsu, Failure, Nationalism, and Literature: The Making of Chinese Identity, 1895–1937 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005), 88–96;