1. Quoted in E. D. Morel, William Roger Louis and Jean Stengers, E.D. Morel’s History of the Congo Reform Movement (Oxford, 1968), p. xiv.
2. Quoted in Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa (Boston, MA, 1998), p. 165.
3. J. L. Garvin and Julian Amery, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, 4 vols. (London, 1932–51), III, p. 167.
4. Although the primary goal of the intervening powers was to protect their own nationals, it did result in a large number of mostly Christian Chinese being protected from slaughter. See Martha Finnemore, Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (Ithaca, NY, 2004), p. 58;
5. Joseph Choate to John Hay, 3 Sept. 1902, Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), 1902, pp. 549–50.