1. Ahmad, We Will Return in the Whirlwind, p. 105; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality: 1954–1992, (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), pp. 130–132 (Conner quote).
2. Thomas J. Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North (New York: Random House, 2008), p. 302; Martin Luther King, “Letter from Birmingham City Jail,” in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr., ed. James M. Washington (San Francisco: Harper, 1986), p. 292; Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, pp. 145–146 (Kennedy quote); Jelani Favors, “Shelter in a Time of the Storm: Black Colleges and the Rise of Student Activism in Jackson, Mississippi” (PhD diss., The Ohio State University, 2006), pp. 215–216.
3. Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, pp. 144–145; Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Peter Knobler, Giant Steps (New York: Bantam Books, 1983), pp. 60–61.
4. William H. Orrick Jr., SHUT IT DOWN! A College in Crisis, San Francisco State College October, 1968–April, 1969: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1969), pp. 77–78; “Black Student Association,” Office of Multicultural Affairs, The University of Memphis, accessed July 27, 2011,
http://www.memphis.edu
/multiculturalaffairs/organizations.htm; Ahmad, We Will Return in the Whirlwind, p. 104; Payson S. Wild to Faculty Member, May 8, 1968, General Files, folder: Black Student Protest—I, April–May 1968, NOWU Archives.
5. Jabbar and Knobler, Giant Steps, pp. 71–76; Joseph Boskin, “The Revolt of the Urban Ghettos, 1964–1967,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 382 (March 1969), p. 7.