1. For the rise of “girlhood” from the eighteenth to the twentieth century — as a social phenomenon, as a subject of literary and artistic representation, and as a spur to changes in family relationships — see Deborah Gorham, The Victorian Girl and the Feminine Ideal (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); The Girl’s Own: Cultural Histories of the Anglo-American Girl, 1830–1915, ed. Claudia Nelson and Lynne Vallone (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994)
2. Carolyn Steedman, Strange Dislocations: Childhood and the Idea of Human Inferiority (London: Virago, 1995)
3. Lynne Vallone, Disciplines of Virtue: Girl’s Culture in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995)
4. Sally Mitchell, The New Girl: Girls’ Culture in England, 1880–1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995). For Mary Cowden Clarke, The Girlhood of Shakespeare’s Heroines in a Series of Tales (London, 1851–52), I use the two-volume Everyman Library edition (London: J. M. Dent, 1907) All subsequent references to Clarke from this edition.
5. L. M. Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables, ed., Mary Henley Rubio and Elizabeth Waterston (New York: Norton, 2007) 179. All subsequent quotations will be from this edition.