1. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), 90.
2. Ruven Firestone, Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 118.
3. F. E. Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam (Albany: SUNY Press, 1994), 199. See also, Qur’an, 2:256 (a Medinese sura).
4. The best example of this is Bat Ye’or, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam (Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/ Associated University Presses, 1985).
5. For a more sympathetic read, see Mahmoud Ayoub, “Dhimma in the Qur’an and Hadith,” Islamic Studies Quarterly 5 (1983): 172–82