1. On the role of production techniques in making the transistor reliable, see Christophe Lécuyer, “Silicon for industry: Component design, mass production, and the move to commercial markets at Fairchild semiconductor, 1960–1967.” History and Technology 16 (1999): 179–216, especially 188–191;
2. Ernest Braun and Stuart Macdonald, Revolution in Miniature: the History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics (Cambridge, 1982);
3. Lillian Hoddeson and Michael Riordan, Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age (New York, 1997), especially Chapter 10; and
4. Ross Knox Bassett, To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-Up Companies and the Rise of MOS Technology (Baltimore, 2007).
5. On the role of the military, particularly in the context of miniaturization, see Thomas J. Misa, “Military needs, commercial realities and the development of the transistor, 1948–1958,” in Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on the American Experience, ed. Merrit Roe Smith (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985), 253–288.