1. Maureen Sibbons, ‘Cholera and Famine in British India, 1870–1930’, in Papers in International Development, No. 14 (Swansea: Centre for Development Studies, 1995): 1.
2. Ira Klein, ‘Urban Development and Death: Bombay City, 1870–1914’, Modern Asian Studies, 20.4 (1986): 744–6.
3. Patrick Zylberman, ‘Civilizing the State: Borders, Weak States and International Health in Modern Europe’, Medicine at the Border: Disease, Globalization and Security, 1850 to the Present, Alison Bashford (ed.) (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 24.
4. Cf. Ronald Hyam, Britain’s Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion (Lanham: Barnes and Nobles Books, 1993), pp. 285–90. For discussion of gentlemanly capitalism, see P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1688–2000 (Harlow: Longman, 2002).
5. The Great Depression would later stop or reverse these labor flows. Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: the Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 99–100, 112–13.