1. Alberico Gentili, De Iure Belli Libri Tres (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933 [1612]) bk. 2, chapter XVII, “Of Those who Surrender,” § 355.
2. As Burleigh Cushing Rodick notes in The Doctrine of Necessity in International Law (New York: Columbia University Press, 1928), pp. 3–4.
3. Bertrand Badie and Pierre Birnbaum, The Sociology of the State (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1983).
4. William Gerald Downey Jr., “The Law of War and Military Necessity,” The American Journal of International Law 47, no. 2 (April 1953): 253. The author is citing the comments of Eilhu Root, president of the American Society of International Law, in his address to the society’s annual convention on April 27, 1921.
5. Cited in Chris af Jochnick and Roger Normand, “The Legitimation of Violence: A Critical History of the Laws of War,” Harvard International Law Journal 35, no. 1 (1994): 64. The term Kriegsraison originates in the expression: “Kriegsraison geht vor Kriegsmanier,” the needs of war take priority over the rules of war. “Not kennt kein Gebot”: need is not constrained by any law.