1. Eric Monkkonen, “Homicide: Explaining America’s Exceptionalism,” American Historical Review 111, no. 1 (February 2006): 76–94.
2. Pieter Spierenburg, “Democracy Came Too Early: A Tentative Explanation for the Problem of American Homicide,” American Historical Review 111, no. 1 (2006): 104–114.
3. Pieter Spierenburg, A History of Murder: Violence in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2008).
4. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994).
5. Elizabeth Dale, “Criminal Justice in the United States, 1790–1920: A Government of Laws or Men?,” in The Cambridge History of Law in America, Vol. 2: The Long Nineteenth Century, 1789–1920, ed. Christopher Tomlins and Michael Grossberg (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 133–167.