1. See John Pinder, The European Community and Eastern Europe (London: Pinter, 1991), Chapter 2, for the early history of the relations between the Communities and the Soviet bloc.
2. While the Ostpolitik began when Willy Brandt became Chancellor in 1969, West Germany set up trade missions in East European countries already from 1963. Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (London: Vintage, 1993), p. 36.
3. Charles Ransom, The European Community and Eastern Europe (London: Butterworths, 1973), pp. 15–16 and pp. 38–9.
4. Peter Marsh, ‘The Development of Relations between the EEC and the CMEA’, in Avi Shlaim and G. N. Yannopoulos, eds, The EECand Eastern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 45.
5. Edmund Wellenstein, ‘The Relations of the European Communities with Eastern Europe’ in David O’Keeffe and Henry G. Schermers, eds, Essays in European Law and Integration (Deventer, the Netherlands: Kluwer, 1982), p. 204.