1. Przeworski, Democracy and the Market, 1991, pp. 57–8. Perhaps more applicable for the press in the Soviet case is the policy of glasnost’, which is more like apertura and odnowa, meaning a social and political opening, rather than perestroika, which refers first to economic restructuring. For the case in Czechoslovakia, see Dusan Havlicek, ‘The Mass Media and their Impact on Czechoslovak Politics in 1968’, V.V. Kusin (ed.), The Czechoslovak Reform Movement: 1968 (London: International Research Documents) 1973, p. 246; for Poland, see Madeleine Korbel Albright, Poland: The Role of the Press in Political Change (New York: Praeger) 1983, p. 26.
2. Samuel Huntington, Democracy’s Third Wave (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press) 1991, p. 9; Przeworski, Democracy and Market, 1991, p. 57. Andrzej Korobonski, ‘Liberalization Processes’, in Carmelo Mesa Logo and Carl Beck (eds), Comparative Socialist Systems: Essays on Politics and Economics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh) 1975, pp. 192–214.
3. Ekiert, ‘Democratic Processes in East Central Europe’, 1991, p. 293, n. 22. I see no reason to distinguish between humanization and liberalization.
4. For a more thorough study of sources of liberalization, see Alfred Stepan, ‘Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations’, in Guillermo O’Donnell, Phillippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds), The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (London: Johns Hopkins Press), 1986, pp. 64–84; Huntington, Third Wave, 1991.
5. Strictly speaking, the adoption of guarantees of freedom of the press could be considered democratization, which for the study of mass media would be associated with the emergence of a free press system. Unfortunately, the term democratization poses some problems, whether it is applied to regimes or media systems. It combines a process (democratization) with specific outcomes (democracy/free press model). This makes it an inappropriate description of incomplete or unfolding processes, because it is deterministic, implying particular conclusions. It is best applied historically, after definitive results of liberalization have been attained. For the processes described in this chapter, liberalization is a more apt term. On the role of press in democracy, see Dahl, Polyarchy, 1971, p. 20; Juan J. Linz, ‘The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes’, in Linz and Alfred Stepan (eds), The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins) 1978, p. 5; Huntington, Third Wave, 1991, p. 7.