1. See Pippa Norris, British By Elections: The Volatile Electorate (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990)
2. and Chris Cook and John Ramsden (eds), By-elections in British Politics (London: University College London Press, 1997), which both include accounts of many of the most significant by-elections of the twentieth century.
3. Detailed accounts of the first two Euro-election campaigns in Britain are given in David Butler and David Marquand, European Elections and British Politics (London: Macmillan, 1981)
4. and David Butler and Paul Jowett, Party Strategies in Britain: A Study of the 1984 European Elections (London: Macmillan, 1985).
5. More recent Euro-elections are described and analysed in David Butler and Martin Westlake, British Politics and European Elections 1994 (London: Macmillan, 1995)