1. George Eliot used the term ‘intellectuals’ as early as 1852. However, it is clear that she did not have precise collective referents, and she was herself a decidedly ‘unattached’ intellectual. Sheldon Rothblatt, ‘George Eliot as a Type of European Intellectual’, pp.47–65, History of European Ideas, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1986.
2. p.285, N.G. Annan, ‘The Intellectual Aristocracy’, pp.243–87, in J.H. Plumb, ed., Studies in Social History, Longmans Green, London, 1955.
3. p.237, T.W. Heyck, The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England, Croom Helm, London, 1982.
4. A point which Charle gave some emphasis. In England ‘Il n’existe pas …de véritable académie susceptible de fixer une norme, d’attribuer des récompenses à la literature vivante et de servir de repoussir aux novateurs. … Le marché reste donc la principale instance d’évaluation et hiérarchisation.…’ pp.228–9, Christophe Charle, Les Intellectuels en Europe au XIXe Siècle: Essai d’histoire comparée, Seuil, Paris, 1996.
5. Lenore O’Boyle, ‘The Problem of an Excess of Educated Men in Western Europe 1800–1850’, pp.471–95, Journal of Modern History, XLII, December 1970; ‘The Middle Class in Western Europe 1815–1848’, pp.826–45, American Historical Review, 71, 1966.