1. M. and P. Higonnet (eds), Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (London, 1987) p. 34.
2. See the statement by the Soviet president M.I. Kalinin in 1942 at a meeting of political functionaries of the Moscow Air Defence. J.K. Cottam, ‘Soviet Women in Combat during World War II: the Ground/Air Defence Forces’, in T. Yedlin (ed.), Women in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1980) p. 123.
3. See G. Lindemann and T. Wobbe (eds), Denkachsen. Zur theoretischen und institutionellen Rede vom Geschlecht (Frankfurt, 1994).
4. These figures do not include agriculture. In the 1930s agricultural work became ‘feminised’, since many able-bodied men migrated to the new industrial centres. In 1940 men constituted only 22 per cent of the able-bodied rural population, and this declined in the course of the war to 7 per cent by 1944. See S.L. Senyavskii and V.B. Tel’pukhovskii, Rabochii klass SSSR, 1938–1965gg. (Moscow, 1971) p. 101.
5. M.J. Hutton, ‘Russian and Soviet Women, 1897–1939: Dreams, Struggles and Nightmares’, unpublished PhD dissertation (University of Iowa, 1986) p. 622.