1. L. F. Haber, The Chemical Industry during the 19th Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958);
2. L. S. Reich, The Making of American Industrial Research: Science and Business at GE and Bell, 1876–1926 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985);
3. G. Wise, ‘Ionists in industry: physical chemistry at General Electric, 1900–1915’, Isis, vol. 74, no. 271 (1983), pp. 7–21;
4. G. Meyer-Thurow, ‘The industrialization of invention: a case study from the German chemical industry’, Isis, vol. 73, no. 268 (1982), pp. 363–81;
5. F. Pfetsch, ‘Scientific organization and science policy in Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: the foundation of the Imperial Institute of Physics and Technology’, Minerva, vol. 8, no. 4 (1970), pp. 554–80, and others.