1. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, edited and translated by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971), p. 349–50.
2. Benjamin C. Fortna, ‘Islamic Morality in Late Ottoman “Secular” Schools’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 32 (2000), pp. 369–93
3. Benjamin C. Fortna, Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 )
4. Benjamin C. Fortna, ‘Education and Autobiography at the End of the Ottoman Empire’, Die Welt des Islams, Vol. 41, No.1 (2001), pp. 1–31. I gratefully acknowledge support from the Spencer Foundation and from SOAS without which I would have been unable to carry out this research.
5. Erik Jan Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History ( London: I B Tauris, 1998 ), pp. 189–90.