1. Michael Roper and John Tosh (eds), Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), p. 18. Roper and Tosh cite the experience of male office clerks in the late Victorian period and the development of the Boy Scout movement in 1908 as other example of the modern era.
2. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (London and New York: Routledge and Chapman Hall, 1990), pp. 146–147.
3. Arthur Brittan, Masculinity and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), p. 4.
4. Cyndy Hendershot, The Animal Within: Masculinity and the Gothic (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), p. 4. Hendershot goes on to say: ‘While reactions to this fragility vary, the Gothic is preoccupied with the precarious alignment of the whole male subject and the fragile, individual men who attempt to represent the male subject. From Ambrosio’s loss of his position as whole and untainted monk to the depletion of the vampire hunters’ blood supply to Kurtz’s loss of his European ego to Rochester’s maimed body, the Gothic continually reveals the gulf between the actual male subject and the myth of masculinity.’
5. Chris Baldick, In Frankenstein’s Shadow (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 154.