1. There are, however, several books written before the collapse of communism that deal with the relationship between nationalism and communism. See e.g. Walker Connor, The National Question in Marxist—Leninist Theory and Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Ronaldo Munck, The Difficult Dialogue: Marxism and Nationalism (London: Zed Books, 1986); John Schwarzmantel, Socialism and the Idea of the Nation (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); Roman Szporluk, Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx versus Friedrich List (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); J. L. Talmon, The Myth of the Nation and the Vision of Revolution (London: Secker & Warburg, 1980); and Peter Zwick, National Communism (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1983).
2. Geoffrey Stern, The Rise and Decline of International Communism (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1990), p. xii.
3. Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (London: Penguin Books, 1985), p. 79.
4. A. J. P. Taylor, Introduction, in The Communist Manifesto, p. 18.
5. Lenin made a similar distinction between Social Democrats and Communists during the First World War. See Isaac Deutscher, Stalin (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 147.