1. M. Kaase and K. Newton, Beliefs in Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) vol. 5, chapter 2.
2. A.M. Butler, ‘Unpopular Leaders: the British Case’, Political Studies 43:1 (1995) 48–65. Protest, however, is usually couched in terms of institutional or, more commonly, personal failure: established political structures are viewed as self-serving, or political leaders are viewed as corrupt. Democracy is being failed, rather than itself failing.
3. See S.P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
4. E Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).
5. Following S.M. Lipset, Political Man: the Social Bases of Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961).