1. RG11/5055 1881 f17; John Anderson, RG12/4160 1891 f24; Robert Anderson, RG12/4160 1891 f16; William Anderson, RG12/4160 1891 f75. On working-class parochialism, see R. Roberts (1971) The Classic Slum: Salford Life in the First Quarter of the Century (London: Penguin). For more positive views, see M. Anderson (1971) Family Structure in Nineteenth Century Lancashire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); M. Young and P. Willmott (1957) Family and Kinship in East London (Harmondsworth: Penguin).
2. E. Morawska (1991) ‘Return Migrations: Theoretical Research Agenda’, in R.J. Vecoli and S.M. Sinke (eds) A Century of Europe Migrations, 1830–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press), 277–92; D. Hoerder (ed.) (1985) Labor Migration in the Atlantic Economies: The European and American Working Classes in the Period of Industrialization (Westport: Greenwood). On emigration, see A. Murdoch (2004) British Emigration, 1603–1914 (London: Palgrave Macmillan); E. Richards (2004) Britannia’s Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland Since 1600 (London: Hambledon & London). On forced emigration, see P. Bean and J. Melville (1989) Lost Children of the Empire (London: Unwin Hyman); R. Hughes (1987) The Fatal Shore (New York: Knopf).
3. C.G. Pooley and J. Turnbull (1998) Migration and Mobility in Britain Since the Eighteenth Century (London: University College London), 298; D. Hoerder (1982) ‘Immigration and the Working Class: The Remigration Factor’, International Labor and Working Class History 21: 28–32; Morawska, ‘Return Migrations’, 277–8; S. Castles and G. Kosack (1973) Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 12.
4. H. Southall (1996) reported 6 per cent of politically active artisans left Britain in a three year period, frequently returning in ‘Agitate! Agitate! Organize! Political Travelers and the Construction of a National Politics, 1839–1880’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers new ser. 21, 1: 114, 123; Durham miners’ organizer Peter Lee emigrated to and from the United States and South Africa, John Wilson India and the United States, in H. Beynon and T. Austrin (1994) Masters and Servants: Class and Patronage in the Making of a Labour Organisation: The Durham Miners and the English Political Tradition (London: Rivers Oram), 85, 267–8. British subjects made up one-sixth to one-half of people born abroad at each census between 1851 and 1911, per 1911 Census General Report with Appendices PP1917/18 [Cd.8491], XXV, Table CV, 217.
5. D. Bryant (1971) pioneered the use of children’s birthplaces to track women’s mobility in ‘Demographic Trends in South-Devon in the Mid-Nineteenth Century’, in K.J. Gregory and W.L.D. Ravenhill (eds) Exeter Essays in Geography in Honour of Arthur Davies (Exeter: University of Exeter Press), 125–42, esp. 137–8, 141.