1. The Indian rupee was the dominant currency on the coast of Kenya and in the burgeoning East Africa protectorate until 1920 when the shilling became the standard. See Robert Maxon, “The Years of Revolutionary Advance, 1920–1929,” in A Modern History of Kenya, 1895–1980, ed. William Ochieng (Nairobi: Evans Brothers, 1989), 75–78; Clayton and Savage, Government and Labour in Kenya, 139–42.
2. John Mwaruvie, “An Economic History of the Mbere (Siakago Division), 1500–1914” (MA thesis, Moi University, 1991), 149–53.
3. Jomo Kenyata, Facing Mount Kenya (London: Martin, Seeker and Warburg, 1961), 59.
4. Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, Native Affairs Department Annual Report, 1926 (Nairobi: Government Printers, 1927), 113. For example, between 1924 and 1928 the administration and the various departments of the state coerced 14,699 men for government projects, most of it for porterage for administrative officials on safari.
5. East Africa Protectorate, The East Africa Protectorate, Report and Evidence of the Native Labour Commission, 1912–1913 (Nairobi: Government Printers, 1913), 158.