1. On acculturation, see D. Hoerder (1996) ‘From Migrants to Ethnics: Acculturation in a Societal Framework’, in D. Hoerder and L.P. Moch (eds) European Migrants: Global and Local Perspectives (Boston: Northeastern), 211–17. On strategic use of local dialect, see S.K. Phillips (1994) ‘Natives and Incomers: The Symbolism of Belonging in Muker Parish, North Yorkshire’, in M. Drake (ed.) Time, Family, and Community: Perspectives on Family and Community History (Oxford: Blackwell), 225–39; R. Colls and B. Lancaster (eds) (2005 [1992]) Geordies: Roots of Regionalism (Newcastle: Northumbria University Press), 22, 145.
2. Some made the historical and conceptual linkages, but as sociologists or anthropologists could not perform fieldwork with nineteenth-century migrants. See K. Little (1972 [1948]) Negroes in Britain: A Study of Race Relations in an English City (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul); M.P. Banton (1955) The Coloured Quarter: Negro Immigrants in an English City (London: Jonathan Cape), 18–36.
3. Duffield (1993) ‘Skilled Workers or Marginalised Poor? The African Population of the United Kingdom, 1812–52’, Immigrants and Minorities 12, 3: 49–87, offered a pithy assessment of the literature to 1993. Also D. Killingray (1993) ‘Africans in the United Kingdom: An Introduction’, Immigrants and Minorities 12, 3: 2–27, esp. 11, 17; J. Green (1998) Black Edwardians: Black People in Britain 1901–1914 (London: Frank Cass); M.H. Fisher (2004) Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600–1857 (Delhi: Permanent Black).
4. D. Lorimer (1978) Colour, Class, and the Victorians: English Attitudes to the Negro in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Leicester: Leicester University Press/Holmes & Meier), 13, 16–17, 38–43 and passim.
5. On these centripetal forces, see L. Tabili (1994) ‘We Ask for British Justice’: Workers and Racial Difference in Late Imperial Britain (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).