1. For a highly critical account of the Hoover administration policy toward the Manchuria crisis, see Justus D. Doenecke, When the Wicked Arise: American Opinion Makers and the Manchurian Crisis, 1931–33 (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1984).
2. For an overview of the entire decade, see Gerald Haines, “American Myopia and the Japanese Monroe Doctrine, 1931–41,” Prologue, vol. 13 (Spring 1981) pp. 101–14.
3. For two very different views of C. Roosevelt’s foreign policy, see the laudatory vision of Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945, 2 vols (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979);
4. and the derogatory opinion of Frederick W. Marks, Wind Over Sand: The Diplomacy of Franklin Roosevelt (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988).
5. Arnold Offner, The Origins of the Second World War: American Foreign Policy and World Politics, 1917–1941 (New York: Praeger, 1975) p. 99.